After installing service pack 4 for sql localdb 2012 and rebooting the server (
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/confirmation.aspx?id=56040), the jobs will generally be able to run successfully. In some instances, the error may return after future updates to the Azure AD Connect Sync Client, in which case another reboot will resolve the issue. Microsoft has been made aware of the issue and future updates to Azure AD Connect Sync may either not cause this problem or should prompt the user for reboot. If a future update to the Azure AD Connect Sync client does not prompt for a reboot, you can either reboot proactively after updating to prevent this issue from happening or test the job and reboot if it fails following the update.